A New Control Strategy for Photovoltaic System Connected to the Grid via Three-Time-Scale Singular Perturbation Technique with Performance Analysis

This chapter addresses the problem of controlling single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system through a full bridge inverter with L-filter. The control objectives are threefold: (i) forcing the voltage in the output of photovoltaic panel to track a reference. This reference has been obtained from the maximum power point tracking strategy; (ii) guaranteeing a tight regulation of the DC-link voltage; and (iii) ensuring a satisfactory power factor correction (PFC) at the grid such as the currents injected must be sinusoidal with the same frequency and the same phase as the grid voltage. The considered control problem entails several difficulties including: (i) the high dimension and strong nonlinearity of the system; (ii) the changes in atmospheric conditions. The problem is dealt with by designing a synthesized nonlinear multi-loop controller using singular perturbation technique, in which a three-time-scale dynamics is artificially induced in the closed-loop system. A formal analysis based on the three-time-scale singular perturbation technique and the averaging theory is developed to proved that all control objectives are asymptotically achieved up to small harmonic errors (ripples). The performance of the proposed approach and its strong robustness with respect to climate changes are evaluated based on the various simulations results carried out under Matlab/Simulink software

State Feedback Nonlinear Control Strategy for Wind Turbine System Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Maximum Power Extraction and Power Factor Correction

This chapter addresses the problem of controlling the Complete chain of the wind turbine system using the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected with the Distribution network via an AC/DC/AC converters through LCL filter, the control to be applied in different parts of the system, whose objectives are three: (1) adjust the generator speed to track a varying reference signal; (2) the control of the network-side converter must be maintained the current injected into the network in a unit power factor correction (PFC); (3) regulating the DC Link voltage at a constant value. Firstly, the mathematical modeling for all system components studied in d-q frame and its state space equation are established to simplify the proposed control, thereafter a nonlinear backstepping approach is used in this work to achieve the objectives indicated above. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated based on the various simulations results carried out under Matlab/Simulink/Simpower software

Isolation and X-ray crystal structure of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from Calycotome villosa Subsp. intermedias

Two tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids were extracted from the alkaloid fraction of a methanol extract of the seeds of Calycotome Villosa Subsp. intermedia. Their structures were established as (R)-1-hydroxymethyl-7-8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline (1) and (S)-7-hydroxymethyl-2-3-dimethoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroisoquinoline chloride (2) by spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction analysis

Diammonium tris­[hexa­aqua­magnesium(II)] tetra­kis­[hydrogenphosphate(III)], (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6]3(HPO3)4

The framework of the title compound is made up of discrete Mg(H2O)6 octa¬hedra, and HPO3 and NH4 tetra¬hedra, which are organized in planes parallel to (010). Strong hydrogen bonding between the building units stabilizes the structure. The hydrogenphosphate(III) tetra¬hedra, the ammonium tetra¬hedron and one of the two Mg atoms lie on positions with m symmetry, whereas the second Mg atom is located on a position with 2/m symmetry

Modeling and Nonlinear Control of a Wind Turbine System Based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Connected to the Three-phase Network

This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objective

High-Gain Observer-Based Advanced Nonlinear Control of a Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System with Sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking

International audienceThis paper deals with the control development of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) interfaced to a utility grid by using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), a back-to-back (B2B) converter and an RL filter for optimal power extraction. The aim was to design a sensorless controller to improve the system reliability and to simultaneously achieve the regulation of the generator speed, reactive power and DC-link voltage. The proposed global control scheme combines: (i) a high-gain observer employed to estimate the generator speed and the mechanical torque, usually regarded as accessible, (ii) a sensorless MPPT block developed to provide optimal generator speed reference, which is designed on the basis of the mechanical observer and a polynomial wind-speed estimator and (iii) a finite-time controller (FTC) applied to the B2B converter to meet the output reference’s tracking objectives in a short predefined finite time by using the backstepping and Lyapunov approaches. The proposed controller performance is formally analysed, and its capabilities are verified by numerical simulations using a 2 MW DFIG wind turbine (WT) under different operating conditions